It has been opaque in implementing its military modernisation and is already cooperating with Russia militarily. However, it is mainly the lack of transparency or the use of disinformation that causes problems for the Alliance. Analysts point to the modernisation of the Chinese army, the increase in spending, but also to activities in the Arctic and Africa.

Defence spending by the countries represented in the European Defence Agency (EDA) will total €198 billion in 2020, five per cent more than in 2019.

The Strategic Compass is soon to become a fundamental document of the EU and its common defence. The EU wants a stronger mandate for its own missions and operations, better command, but also a rapid deployment force of five thousand troops.

NATO's increased military presence in the Eastern bloc is a direct consequence of Russia's use of force against Ukraine. In an interview with EURACTIV, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation is ready to defend all allies.